How Does Our Dog's Diversity Trace Back to the Stone Age?

Recent research has revealed that the transformation of dogs from wild wolves to domesticated companions began much earlier than previously thought, dating back to the Middle Stone Age. This study highlights how physical changes in dogs started roughly 11,000 years ago, long before the selective breeding practices of the Victorian era. This new understanding sheds light on the deep-rooted relationship between humans and dogs, suggesting that our bond has been evolving for thousands of years.

Last updated: 30 October 2023 (BST)

What’s happening now

A groundbreaking study published in the journal Science has significantly altered our understanding of canine evolution. Researchers from international institutions, led by Dr Allowen Evin from the University of Montpellier, have established that the physical evolution of dogs began long before the Victorian era’s breeding practices. By examining over 600 prehistoric dog skulls, the study indicates that variations resembling modern breeds started to emerge around 11,000 years ago, coinciding with the end of the last Ice Age.

Key takeaways

• The transformation of dogs began approximately 11,000 years ago, significantly earlier than previously believed.
• Nearly half of the diversity in modern dog breeds was present by the Middle Stone Age.
• The relationship between humans and dogs has been evolving for at least 30,000 years, highlighting our long-standing companionship.

Timeline: how we got here

Understanding the evolution of dogs involves a lengthy timeline, shedding light on key milestones in canine domestication:

• Approximately 30,000 years ago: Initial domestication of wolves by humans.
• 11,000 years ago: Significant changes in dog skull shapes began, marking the start of physical transformation.
• Between 9,700 and 870 years ago: Research on ancient DNA suggests dogs migrated alongside human populations across Eurasia.

What’s new vs what’s known

New today/this week

The latest findings suggest that dogs began to physically diverge from wolves much earlier than the conventional belief that this evolution was driven solely by human intervention in the last few centuries. The emergence of distinct skull shapes in ancient dogs indicates a more complex history of coexistence and adaptation.

What was already established

Previously, it was believed that the vast diversity in dog breeds emerged primarily during the Victorian era, driven by selective breeding and kennel clubs. This new research challenges that notion, indicating that significant diversity was present much earlier, during the Middle Stone Age.

Impact for the UK

Consumers and households

For pet owners, these revelations may enhance the appreciation of their furry companions. Understanding the deep history of dogs may also influence how we care for and relate to them in modern society, reinforcing the bond we share.

Businesses and jobs

The pet industry in the UK, which includes food, grooming, and veterinary services, could see a cultural shift. As awareness of the dog's history grows, businesses may adapt their offerings to cater to consumers' evolving understanding of canine needs.

Policy and regulation

This study could lead to discussions around animal welfare policies, as a better understanding of the evolution of domesticated animals may encourage more humane treatment and responsible ownership practices.

Numbers that matter

• 30,000 years: The approximate time humans and dogs have coexisted.
• 11,000 years: The time frame during which significant physical changes in dogs began.
• 600+ skulls: The number of prehistoric dog skulls examined in the recent study.

Definitions and jargon buster

• Domestication: The process by which wild animals are adapted to live alongside humans.
• Selective breeding: The practice of breeding animals for specific traits.
• Middle Stone Age: A prehistoric period that lasted from about 250,000 to 10,000 years ago.

How to think about the next steps

Near term (0–4 weeks)

Pet owners should consider researching the history of their dog's breed, which may enhance their understanding of specific care needs and behaviours.

Medium term (1–6 months)

As more research emerges, expect increased awareness and possibly new products or services tailored to historical breed characteristics.

Signals to watch

• New studies revealing further insights into canine genetics and behaviour.
• Changes in pet industry offerings that reflect these historical findings.

Practical guidance

Do

• Learn about your dog's breed history to better understand its needs.
• Engage in training that respects the dog's natural instincts and behaviours.

Don’t

• Assume all dogs require the same care—each breed has unique traits.
• Neglect the importance of socialisation and interaction based on historical contexts.

Checklist

• Research your dog’s breed and its historical context.
• Provide training that caters to its natural instincts.
• Engage in regular veterinary care to ensure health and wellbeing.
• Consider dietary needs based on your dog's breed and size.

Risks, caveats, and uncertainties

While this study provides significant insights, it is important to note that the exact mechanisms of dog domestication remain complex and multifaceted. Future research may clarify the various influences on canine evolution, including environmental factors and human interactions.

Bottom line

This new research highlights the ancient roots of the bond between humans and dogs, suggesting our furry friends have been evolving alongside us for thousands of years. Understanding this history can enhance how we relate to and care for our pets, reflecting a relationship that is both deep and enduring.

FAQs

When did dogs first become domesticated?

Dogs were domesticated around 30,000 years ago, marking the beginning of the human-canine relationship.

What new findings does the study reveal about dog evolution?

The study shows that significant physical changes in dogs began approximately 11,000 years ago, much earlier than previously thought.

How might this research impact dog ownership in the UK?

The findings could lead to a greater appreciation of breed history and potentially influence how pet care products and services are developed.