Why Does India Limit Pollution Readings to 500 Despite Worse Air Quality?

In northern India, the air quality (AQI) is a critical concern, particularly in November when pollution levels rise dramatically. The discrepancy between government-backed apps like SAFAR and SAMEER, which cap their readings at 500, and international platforms like IQAir that report numbers exceeding 600 or even 1,000 leads to confusion. This raises questions about which air quality figures the public should trust and why India has not updated its AQI scale beyond 500, originally established to mitigate panic during severe pollution events.

Last updated: 14 October 2023 (BST)

What’s happening now

As millions in northern India grapple with hazardous air quality, the differences between various reporting systems have become increasingly significant. Many residents rely on air quality data to make daily decisions, yet they face a stark divide in the information presented. Government-sponsored apps report a maximum AQI of 500, while private and international services often display much higher numbers, indicating that the air quality is far worse than officially acknowledged. This situation creates a public health dilemma, as understanding the severity of air pollution is crucial for taking preventive measures.

Key takeaways

Government-backed apps cap AQI readings at 500, while private trackers often report levels above 600.
The upper limit of 500 was set to prevent public panic, despite real pollution levels being much higher.
Global air quality standards vary, making comparisons with India's AQI misleading.
Sensor-based monitoring technologies are not yet officially recognised in India.
Experts are calling for a revision of the National Air Quality Index to reflect the current situation and technology.

Timeline: how we got here

The issue of air quality measurement in India has evolved over the years. Key milestones include:

2009: Establishment of the National Air Quality Index with a cap of 500.
2015: Increased public awareness and concern about air pollution in urban areas.
2020: Introduction of additional private air quality monitoring platforms such as IQAir.
2023: Ongoing debates concerning the accuracy and reliability of various air quality reporting systems.

What’s new vs what’s known

New today/this week

Recent discussions have highlighted the urgent need for India to reassess its air quality measurement standards. Experts are advocating for a review of the National Air Quality Index to account for technological advancements and the alarming pollution levels reported by sensor-based monitors.

What was already established

The cap of 500 on India’s AQI was originally implemented to avoid public panic, but it has led to an underestimation of the air quality crisis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set different hazardous thresholds, further complicating the understanding of air quality in India.

Impact for the UK

Consumers and households

While the immediate focus is on India, the complexities of air quality measurement can resonate with UK consumers, especially those keen on environmental issues. Understanding how different countries approach air quality standards can inform discussions on improving the UK's own air quality monitoring systems.

Businesses and jobs

For businesses operating internationally, discrepancies in air quality reporting could impact decision-making, especially those in sectors like travel and hospitality, which may be affected by environmental concerns and regulatory compliance across different countries.

Policy and regulation

As air quality becomes a focal point in global discussions regarding climate change and public health, the UK may find value in revisiting its monitoring frameworks. Observing India’s challenges could inform future policy initiatives aimed at improving air quality standards and public awareness.

Numbers that matter

AQI readings above 200 indicate potential health risks for most individuals.
Readings between 400 and 500 are classified as "severe" and pose serious risks to both healthy individuals and those with pre-existing conditions.
PM2.5 levels classified as hazardous by WHO are set at 15 micrograms per cubic metre, whereas India’s threshold is 60 micrograms.
International platforms like IQAir frequently report AQI figures exceeding 600, while official Indian readings do not exceed 500.
India's pollution control framework has not been revised since 2009, raising concerns about its relevance in today's context.

Definitions and jargon buster

AQI (Air Quality Index): A numerical scale used to communicate the quality of air in a particular area.
PM2.5: Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers that can penetrate deep into the respiratory system.
Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAMs): Devices used to measure the mass of particulate matter in the air.
Sensor-based monitors: Air quality monitoring tools that use laser scattering methods to estimate particle concentrations.

How to think about the next steps

Near term (0–4 weeks)

In the immediate future, it is essential for the Indian government to address public concerns over air quality reporting. This could involve initiating discussions on revising the AQI framework and considering the incorporation of new technologies for monitoring air quality.

Medium term (1–6 months)

Over the next few months, stakeholders may push for policy changes that reflect current air quality data and public health guidance. This process will likely involve consultations with health experts, environmental scientists, and the general public.

Signals to watch

Updates from the Indian pollution control board regarding air quality monitoring standards.
New legislative proposals aimed at improving air quality regulations.
Public health advisories linked to air quality levels during peak pollution seasons.

Practical guidance

Do

Stay informed about local air quality updates from multiple sources.
Consider using personal air quality monitors for real-time data.
Follow public health advisories, especially during high pollution days.

Don’t

Don’t rely solely on government apps for air quality data.
Don’t ignore health symptoms related to poor air quality.
Don’t dismiss the potential risks of high pollution levels.

Checklist

Check air quality readings from multiple sources daily.
Plan outdoor activities around air quality levels.
Invest in air purifiers if you live in high pollution areas.
Monitor your health and seek advice if you experience respiratory issues.
Engage in community discussions about air quality improvements.

Risks, caveats, and uncertainties

There are significant uncertainties regarding the accuracy of air quality readings in India. The reliance on outdated monitoring standards poses a risk to public health, as individuals may not fully understand the severity of pollution levels. Variations in measurement methods and thresholds across different countries further complicate the situation, making it crucial to approach air quality data with caution.

Bottom line

The current air quality situation in northern India highlights the urgent need for a reassessment of the National Air Quality Index. The discrepancies between government and private monitoring systems complicate public understanding and response to air pollution risks. By addressing these issues, India can better protect its citizens and improve overall public health.

FAQs

Why does India's AQI cap at 500?

The cap at 500 was set to avoid creating panic during severe pollution events, but it results in underreporting of actual pollution levels.

How do international air quality standards differ from India's?

International standards, such as those from the WHO, set different thresholds for hazardous air quality, making direct comparisons misleading.

What are the risks of relying on government air quality data?

Relying solely on government data can lead to an underestimation of health risks, as the official AQI does not account for pollution levels exceeding 500.