What Legacy Did Khaleda Zia Leave as Bangladesh's First Female Prime Minister?

Former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia of Bangladesh, the country's first female head of government, has died at the age of 80 after a prolonged illness. Zia, known for her significant political legacy and rivalry with Sheikh Hasina, had been in critical condition prior to her death. Her passing marks the end of an era for Bangladeshi politics, which has long been defined by the fierce competition between these two influential leaders.

Last updated: 08 October 2023 (BST)

What’s happening now

Khaleda Zia's death on Monday has sent shockwaves through Bangladesh, particularly within the political landscape where her Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) is still active. Zia had been reported in "extremely critical" condition prior to her passing, and she had been receiving treatment for various illnesses, including kidney damage, heart disease, and pneumonia. Doctors had indicated that her age and overall health would limit treatment options.

Key takeaways

Khaleda Zia has died at the age of 80 after a prolonged illness.
She was the first female Prime Minister of Bangladesh, serving from 1991.
Zia's political career was characterised by a rivalry with Sheikh Hasina.
Her son, Tarique Rahman, is poised to take a leadership role in the BNP.
Her death could have significant implications for the upcoming general elections in Bangladesh.

Timeline: how we got here

The history of Khaleda Zia's political career is marked by significant events that shaped Bangladesh's governance:

1981: Khaleda Zia enters politics following the assassination of her husband, former President Ziaur Rahman.
1991: She becomes Bangladesh's first female Prime Minister after a democratic election.
1996: Zia's second term lasts only a few weeks.
2001: Zia returns to the premiership, stepping down in 2006 ahead of elections.
2018: She is jailed for corruption, which she claims is politically motivated.
2022: Released from jail amid protests, Zia's party announces her candidacy for upcoming elections.
2023: She dies on 8 October after a month in hospital.

What’s new vs what’s known

New today/this week

Khaleda Zia's death has been confirmed by her party, the BNP, which announced her passing early in the morning on 8 October. This news comes at a crucial time as the BNP prepares for the upcoming general elections, with Zia's son, Tarique Rahman, recently returning from exile.

What was already established

Prior to her death, Zia had been in critical condition for several weeks. Her party had expressed intentions for her to contest the upcoming elections, reflecting her enduring influence in Bangladeshi politics despite her health struggles.

Impact for the UK

Consumers and households

While the direct impact of Khaleda Zia’s death may not be felt in the UK, the political stability of Bangladesh could indirectly affect UK businesses and citizens, particularly those with trade relations or expatriate communities in Bangladesh.

Businesses and jobs

The BNP's potential resurgence in power could affect economic policies and trade agreements, influencing UK companies operating in Bangladesh. Business leaders will be watching closely as the political landscape evolves following Zia's passing.

Policy and regulation

UK policymakers may need to reassess diplomatic relations with Bangladesh, especially if the BNP returns to power and implements different policies compared to the Awami League. This situation will require careful monitoring as elections approach.

Numbers that matter

80: The age at which Khaleda Zia passed away.
2: Terms served as Prime Minister, with her first in 1991 and a second, brief term in 1996.
17: The number of years Tarique Rahman spent in self-imposed exile before returning to Bangladesh.
2018: The year Khaleda Zia was sentenced to prison on corruption charges.
1: The number of major political parties now vying for power in the wake of her death.

Definitions and jargon buster

BNP: Bangladesh Nationalist Party, the political party led by Khaleda Zia.
Awami League: The rival political party led by Sheikh Hasina.
Corruption allegations: Accusations of illegal activities or unethical behaviour in office.
Exile: The state of being barred from one's native country, typically for political reasons.

How to think about the next steps

Near term (0–4 weeks)

The immediate aftermath of Zia's death will likely see a period of mourning and reflection within her party, the BNP. Political gatherings may be held to honour her legacy, which could also set the stage for upcoming election strategies.

Medium term (1–6 months)

As the general elections approach, the BNP will need to consolidate its strategies in light of Zia’s absence. The party's new leadership under Tarique Rahman may reshape its direction and electoral approach.

Signals to watch

Official statements from the BNP regarding their plans for the elections.
Public response and voter sentiment towards the BNP following Zia's death.
Any shifts in alliances or power dynamics within Bangladeshi politics.

Practical guidance

Do

Stay informed about developments related to the BNP and the upcoming elections.
Monitor the responses of international observers regarding the political climate in Bangladesh.
Engage with community organisations that focus on Bangladeshi issues in the UK.

Don’t

Assume that Zia's death will not impact the political landscape; significant changes could arise.
Overlook the potential for increased political tensions as election day approaches.
Neglect to consider the implications for UK-Bangladesh relations moving forward.

Checklist

Review recent news articles related to Khaleda Zia and the BNP.
Follow key political figures and analysts on social media for updates.
Engage in discussions about the potential future of Bangladeshi politics.
Keep an eye on any UK government statements regarding Bangladesh.
Understand the historical context of Zia’s political career and its impact on current events.

Risks, caveats, and uncertainties

While Khaleda Zia’s death marks a significant moment in Bangladeshi politics, uncertainties remain regarding the future direction of the BNP and its leadership under Tarique Rahman. The political landscape could shift rapidly, and ongoing tensions with the Awami League may lead to further unrest or instability.

Bottom line

Khaleda Zia's passing represents not only a loss for her family and supporters but also a pivotal moment in Bangladesh's political climate. Her legacy and the emerging leadership within the BNP will be crucial as the country prepares for its upcoming elections. Stakeholders, both in Bangladesh and abroad, must remain vigilant in monitoring these developments.

FAQs

What were Khaleda Zia's contributions to Bangladesh?

Khaleda Zia was a pivotal figure in Bangladesh's politics, being the first female Prime Minister and leading her party, the BNP, through significant electoral victories and challenges.

How did Khaleda Zia die?

Khaleda Zia died after suffering from a prolonged illness, which included issues like kidney damage and heart disease. She had been in critical condition prior to her death.

What is the future of the BNP after Zia's death?

The BNP, under the leadership of Tarique Rahman, is expected to strategise for the upcoming elections, aiming to reclaim power in the wake of Zia's passing.