How Does Saudi Arabia Tackle Illegal Migration?

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is undergoing significant changes in its demographic and security landscape as part of its Vision 2030 reforms. The approach to controlling illegal migration has evolved, recognising it as not merely a labour issue but a critical national security concern. With a total population of 35.3 million, including 19.6 million Saudi nationals, the country is implementing measures such as biometric surveillance and enhanced border controls, especially along its 1,800-km border with Yemen, to address the challenges posed by illegal migration.

Last updated: 03 October 2023 (BST)

What’s happening now

Saudi Arabia is actively reshaping its immigration policies and border security as part of its Vision 2030 initiative. The government's focus on controlling illegal migration highlights the intersection of labour issues with national security and social stability. Recent reports indicate a significant rise in the number of illegal migrants attempting to enter the country via Yemen, prompting the Saudi Ministry of Interior to label these individuals as 'infiltrators'. This situation has led to increased investments in surveillance and border enforcement technologies, reflecting a proactive rather than reactive strategy.

Key takeaways

Saudi Arabia's population is approximately 35.3 million, with a substantial number of non-Saudis.
The Kingdom is enhancing border security measures, particularly along its southern border with Yemen, to combat illegal migration.
Riyadh is adopting a digital approach to regulating foreign workers through the 'A Nation Without Violators' campaign.
Strict penalties are imposed on violators of immigration laws, including heavy fines and deportation.
The government is utilising AI technology to monitor and manage illegal activities, especially in religious sites.

Timeline: how we got here

The evolution of Saudi Arabia's approach to immigration and border security has unfolded over several years:

2016: Launch of Vision 2030, aiming for economic diversification and improved social stability.
2023: Increased focus on immigration control and national security, with reports of rising illegal migration from Yemen.
2024-2025: Implementation of enhanced border security measures including biometric surveillance systems.
Late 2025: 'A Nation Without Violators' campaign initiated to regulate foreign workers and enhance compliance.
Early 2026: Reports of significant deportations related to illegal activities, particularly among pilgrims.

What’s new vs what’s known

New today/this week

Saudi Arabia has recently reported a surge in the number of illegal migrants crossing from Yemen, with enhanced border security measures being rapidly deployed. New technologies such as AI-driven surveillance systems are being integrated into monitoring efforts at key pilgrimage sites to prevent begging and exploitation of vulnerable individuals.

What was already established

The ongoing challenges of illegal migration and the need for stringent border controls have been long recognised. The Kafala system has historically linked foreign workers' legal status to their employers, leading to widespread issues of visa violations and illegal residency. Past efforts to manage these challenges have included deportations and legal reforms.

Impact for the UK

Consumers and households

While the direct impact on UK consumers and households may be limited, the evolving Saudi immigration policies could have implications for British nationals working in the region, particularly in sectors reliant on foreign labour. Additionally, any shifts in bilateral relations may influence trade and investment opportunities.

Businesses and jobs

For UK businesses operating in Saudi Arabia, the new regulatory environment may affect hiring practices and compliance requirements. Companies must navigate the complexities of the Kafala system and ensure adherence to the new digital processes established under the 'A Nation Without Violators' campaign.

Policy and regulation

UK policymakers may need to monitor Saudi Arabia's evolving immigration laws and border security measures, particularly as they relate to international cooperation on migration issues. Understanding these changes will be crucial for addressing potential impacts on bilateral relations and regional stability.

Numbers that matter

35.3 million: Total population of Saudi Arabia.
19.6 million: Number of Saudi nationals.
15.7 million: Number of non-Saudis residing in the Kingdom.
1,800 km: Length of the Saudi border with Yemen, a key area for migration control.
110,144: Migrants who entered Yemen by the end of 2025, primarily aiming for Saudi Arabia.
SAR 50,000: Maximum fine imposed on individuals found begging illegally.
56,000: Number of Pakistani nationals deported for begging-related activities between late 2025 and early 2026.

Definitions and jargon buster

Kafala system: A sponsorship system that governs the legal status of foreign workers in Saudi Arabia.
Makhalif: Individuals who violate immigration laws, often linked to overstaying visas or leaving sponsors.
Umrah/Hajj visas: Temporary visas granted for religious pilgrimage, which can be misused by individuals overstaying their permitted duration.
Infiltrators: A term used by Saudi authorities to describe illegal migrants attempting to enter the Kingdom.

How to think about the next steps

Near term (0–4 weeks)

In the upcoming weeks, Saudi Arabia is likely to continue ramping up border security and enforcement measures. Monitoring efforts at key pilgrimage sites will also intensify, particularly as the Hajj season approaches.

Medium term (1–6 months)

Over the next few months, Saudi authorities may roll out additional regulations and initiatives aimed at further curtailing illegal migration and enhancing the compliance of foreign workers. This could include more stringent checks and updated digital processes.

Signals to watch

Increased reports of deportations and arrests related to immigration violations.
Developments in Saudi-Yemeni relations, particularly concerning border security cooperation.
Changes in the number of migrants attempting to cross into Saudi Arabia from Yemen.

Practical guidance

Do

Stay informed about the latest immigration regulations and compliance requirements if travelling to or working in Saudi Arabia.
Ensure all documentation is current and valid, especially for those on Umrah or Hajj visas.
Be aware of the legal implications of overstaying visas or engaging in unauthorised work.

Don’t

Don’t ignore changes in the Kafala system or how they may affect your residency status.
Don’t engage in illegal activities, such as begging or working without proper authorisation.
Don’t rely solely on travel agencies for compliance; verify all information independently.

Checklist

Verify the validity of your visa and residency permits.
Familiarise yourself with the 'A Nation Without Violators' campaign and its implications.
Monitor news regarding border security and immigration policies in Saudi Arabia.
Follow updates related to Hajj and Umrah regulations, especially if travelling for pilgrimage.
Ensure all contracts with employers comply with Saudi labour laws.

Risks, caveats, and uncertainties

The situation regarding illegal migration in Saudi Arabia is fluid, with ongoing changes in policies and enforcement. The potential for increased deportations and stricter regulations could impact many foreign workers. Additionally, the geopolitical landscape in the region, particularly concerning Yemen, remains unstable, which could influence migration patterns. Stakeholders should remain vigilant and consider the implications of evolving laws and regulations.

Bottom line

Saudi Arabia's strategic shift towards a more proactive approach in managing illegal migration underlines the importance of national security and social stability. As the Kingdom implements enhanced border security and digitised labour market regulations, it is crucial for foreign workers and pilgrims to stay informed and compliant with the changing landscape.

FAQs

What is the current population of Saudi Arabia?

The current population of Saudi Arabia is approximately 35.3 million, comprising 19.6 million Saudi nationals and 15.7 million non-Saudis.

What measures is Saudi Arabia taking to control illegal migration?

Saudi Arabia is implementing measures such as biometric surveillance, enhanced border security, and regulatory campaigns like 'A Nation Without Violators' to control illegal migration.

How does the Kafala system affect foreign workers in Saudi Arabia?

The Kafala system links foreign workers' legal status to their sponsors, which can lead to issues such as visa violations and exploitation if workers abandon their jobs.