Is a Sacred Site Being Transformed into a Luxury Mega-Resort?

This article explores the ongoing controversy surrounding the transformation of Mount Sinai, a site of immense religious significance for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, into a tourism mega-project. Tensions are rising as local Bedouin communities face displacement and cultural erosion, while foreign powers express concern over heritage preservation.

Last updated: 07 October 2023 (BST)

Key Takeaways

• Mount Sinai, known as Jabal Musa, is revered for its biblical significance.
• A mega-tourism project threatens local Bedouin communities and the environment.
• St Catherine’s Monastery faces legal and cultural challenges amid development plans.
• International concern has been raised regarding the preservation of the site.
• The project is framed by the Egyptian government as vital for economic growth.

The Historical and Spiritual Significance of Mount Sinai

Mount Sinai holds a prominent place in the religious narratives of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Traditionally, it is believed to be the site where Moses received the Ten Commandments, and many consider it the location of God's communication with him through the burning bush. The area is also home to St Catherine's Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage site that has stood since the 6th century. This monastery, maintained by the Greek Orthodox Church, is notable not only for its religious significance but also for its historical architecture, making it a focal point for pilgrims and tourists alike.

The Development Plans: An Overview

In 2021, the Egyptian government initiated the Great Transfiguration Project, aiming to boost tourism by constructing luxury hotels, eco-lodges, and visitor centres around Mount Sinai. Officials tout this development as a much-needed step towards revitalising the local economy, especially following the significant downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent regional conflicts.

Housing Minister Sherif el-Sherbiny declared, “The project will provide all tourism and recreational services for visitors, promote the development of the town [of St Catherine] and its surrounding areas while preserving the environmental, visual, and heritage character of the pristine nature.” However, critics argue that the project has been imposed without proper consultation with the local Bedouin tribes, particularly the Jebeleya tribe, known as the Guardians of St Catherine.

The Bedouin Perspective: Concerns Over Displacement

The Jebeleya tribe has expressed significant concern regarding the developments. Historically, these communities have lived in harmony with the landscape, guiding visitors and sharing their rich cultural heritage. However, the expansion of tourism has led to the demolition of their homes and eco-camps with little or no compensation, raising issues of cultural displacement and loss of identity.

Ben Hoffler, a British travel writer with extensive experience in Sinai, articulated the sentiments of the Jebeleya tribe: “This is not development as the Jebeleya see it or asked for it, but how it looks when imposed top-down to serve the interests of outsiders over those of the local community.” The rapid transformation is seen as a threat to their way of life and cultural heritage.

International Reactions and Legal Challenges

As the project progresses, tensions have escalated between Greece and Egypt, particularly concerning St Catherine's Monastery. After an Egyptian court ruled that the monastery lies on state land, Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens condemned the decision, stating it posed an existential threat to the monastery. This ruling has sparked international dialogue about land rights and cultural preservation, as the monastery is considered a vital symbol of Orthodox Christianity.

Despite these tensions, a joint declaration between Greece and Egypt has attempted to ensure the protection of the monastery's identity and heritage. Nonetheless, the local Bedouin communities remain largely sidelined in these discussions.

UNESCO's Involvement: Calls for Conservation

UNESCO has expressed its concerns about the potential impacts of the Great Transfiguration Project on the area’s cultural and natural heritage. In 2023, UNESCO urged the Egyptian government to halt developments and assess their impacts on the environment and heritage sites. This call for action highlights the need for a conservation plan that respects both the natural landscape and the cultural significance of the region.

In July, World Heritage Watch sent an open letter to UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee, advocating for the inclusion of St Catherine's area on the List of World Heritage Sites in Danger. The urgency of this request underscores the delicate balance between development and preservation.

The Economic Perspective: Balancing Growth and Heritage

The Egyptian government is keen to promote tourism as a key driver of economic growth, especially in light of the recent turmoil affecting the region. The aim is to attract 30 million visitors by 2028, revamping the tourism sector that has struggled since the pandemic. However, critics argue that this approach prioritises economic gain over cultural integrity and environmental sustainability.

While the government claims the project will upgrade Bedouin residential areas, many locals feel disconnected from the decision-making processes that affect their lives. The historical narrative of the Bedouin as the custodians of the land is being overshadowed by large-scale tourism initiatives, reminiscent of previous developments along the Red Sea that led to similar displacements.

The Future of Mount Sinai: A Complex Landscape

As the situation unfolds, the future of Mount Sinai remains uncertain. The juxtaposition of a sacred site with a burgeoning tourism industry raises complex questions about identity, preservation, and community rights. While the monastery maintains its spiritual stronghold, the surrounding environment and the traditional ways of life of the Bedouin tribes are at risk of being irrevocably altered.

In the face of these challenges, it is vital to find a middle ground that respects the cultural heritage and rights of the Bedouin communities while also accommodating the growing demand for tourism. The ongoing dialogue between local, national, and international stakeholders will be crucial in shaping the future of this historically significant location.

FAQs

What is the significance of Mount Sinai?

Mount Sinai, or Jabal Musa, is revered as the site where Moses received the Ten Commandments, making it significant for Jews, Christians, and Muslims. It also hosts St Catherine's Monastery, a vital religious site.

What are the main concerns regarding the tourism project?

The primary concerns include the displacement of local Bedouin communities, the potential destruction of the area's natural and cultural heritage, and the lack of consultation with local residents in the development process.

How has the Greek Orthodox Church responded to the situation?

The Greek Orthodox Church, particularly through Archbishop Ieronymos II, has denounced legal decisions that threaten St Catherine's Monastery, calling them an existential threat to the site and advocating for its protection.

What role does UNESCO play in this situation?

UNESCO has raised concerns about the impact of the tourism project on the cultural and natural heritage of the area, urging Egypt to halt developments and assess their effects on the site.

How does the Egyptian government justify the tourism project?

The Egyptian government claims that the project will revitalise the local economy by boosting tourism and providing jobs while insisting that it will preserve the environmental and cultural character of the area.