How Did a Builder Capture Stunning Images of Distant Galaxies?

Isaac Roberts was a pioneering builder and astronomer who made significant contributions to astrophotography. In 1888, he captured the first clear photograph of the Andromeda Galaxy, revealing its spiral structure and dark lines, which were previously unseen. His innovative tracking device allowed for longer exposures, paving the way for modern astronomical photography.

Last updated: 20 October 2023 (BST)

Key Takeaways

• Isaac Roberts captured the first clear image of the Andromeda Galaxy in 1888.
• He invented a clockwork mechanism that enabled longer exposure times for telescopic photography.
• Roberts's work laid the groundwork for modern astrophotography techniques.
• He was a self-taught scientist who overcame early educational challenges.
• Roberts's legacy includes a scholarship fund and posthumous recognition in the astronomical community.

Early Life and Career

Born in 1829 in Denbigh, Wales, Isaac Roberts grew up on Groes-bach Farm, the son of a farmer. When he was only seven, his family relocated to Liverpool, where he eventually became a successful builder. Despite his humble beginnings, Roberts had a keen interest in learning which led him to attend classes at the Liverpool Mechanics Institute, where he studied various scientific disciplines, including geology, chemistry, and astronomy.

Turning to Astronomy

Roberts's early career in construction provided him with a strong foundation in geology, which later informed his astronomical studies. He presented papers on topics such as water drainage through sandstone and the challenges of building on different geological surfaces. However, as he established himself in his profession, he found more time to dedicate to his passion for astronomy.

The Rock Ferry Observatory

In pursuit of his astronomical ambitions, Roberts established the Rock Ferry observatory near Birkenhead. His observatory housed a telescope equipped with a 20-inch reflecting mirror and a 7-inch refractor for tracking. This setup was innovative for its time, but it was Roberts's unique clockwork mechanism that truly set his work apart. This invention allowed the telescope to remain fixed on an object for an impressive 105 minutes, allowing for longer exposure times that were crucial for capturing detailed astronomical photographs.

Groundbreaking Astrophotography

Roberts's photographs marked a significant advancement in astrophotography, particularly with his image of the Andromeda Galaxy. The clockwork tracking mechanism he developed was revolutionary, solving a persistent problem in astronomy: maintaining focus on celestial objects despite the Earth's rapid rotation. Modern telescopes now use computerised systems to achieve similar results, but Roberts's mechanical solution demonstrated ingenuity and foresight.

Scientific Impact

According to Professor Stephen Eales from Cardiff University, Roberts's contributions were instrumental in bridging the gap between photography and astronomy. Before his time, astronomers had only the naked eye to rely on, which limited their ability to record and verify their observations. By combining his skills in building with his passion for the stars, Roberts became a trailblazer in the field.

Collaboration with the Scientific Community

Roberts's influence extended beyond his own observations. He collaborated with other astronomers, including Edward Emerson Barnard, who shared similar aspirations in astrophotography. Their combined efforts laid the groundwork for future discoveries and advancements in the field. Barnard, a self-taught photographer who faced his own challenges, complemented Roberts's skills, leading to significant contributions to our understanding of the cosmos.

Later Years and Legacy

In the late 1890s, Roberts relocated to Crowborough, Sussex, seeking clearer skies and relief from Liverpool's pollution. He continued to pursue his astronomical interests and met Dr Dorothea Klumpke, an accomplished astronomer and his future wife, during an expedition to observe a total solar eclipse in Norway.

The Atlas of Nebulosity

Together, Roberts and Klumpke worked on fulfilling the "bucket list" of William Herschel, a pioneering astronomer. They aimed to photograph the constellations Herschel had identified but had not captured on film during his lifetime. Their collective findings were published posthumously in 1929 as "Isaac Roberts' Atlas of 52 Regions, a Guide to William Herschel's Fields of Nebulosity."

A Lasting Impact on Astronomy

Roberts's contributions to astronomy did not go unrecognised. He received numerous accolades, including a Doctor of Science (D.Sc) from Trinity College Dublin and a gold medal from the Royal Astronomical Society. Furthermore, he left a generous scholarship fund of £40,000 to the universities of Wales and Liverpool, ensuring that future generations of students would benefit from his legacy.

Final Years

In his later years, Roberts continued to be active in the scientific community, sharing his knowledge and passion for astronomy. His old friend, Eleazar Roberts, noted that he often quoted a Welsh hymn that encapsulated his view of the universe: "Mae'n llond y nefoedd, llond y byd," which translates to "It's full of heaven, full of the world."

Conclusion: A Visionary Builder and Astronomer

Isaac Roberts's journey from a builder in Liverpool to a pioneering astronomer exemplifies the power of curiosity and determination. His groundbreaking work in astrophotography not only advanced the field but also inspired future generations of scientists and astronomers. As we continue to explore the universe, the foundations laid by Roberts and his contemporaries remain integral to our understanding of the cosmos.

How might current advancements in technology further enhance our understanding of galaxies like Andromeda? #Astronomy #Astrophotography #IsaacRoberts

FAQs

What was Isaac Roberts known for?

Isaac Roberts is primarily known for capturing the first clear photograph of the Andromeda Galaxy in 1888, showcasing its spiral structure and dark lines.

How did Roberts improve astronomical photography?

Roberts invented a clockwork mechanism that allowed his telescope to remain focused on celestial objects for longer periods, enabling detailed photographic images.

What impact did Roberts have on modern astronomy?

Roberts's innovative techniques in astrophotography laid the groundwork for future astronomical studies, influencing how we observe and document celestial bodies today.

Did Isaac Roberts collaborate with other astronomers?

Yes, he collaborated with Edward Emerson Barnard, among others, contributing to advancements in astrophotography and the understanding of celestial phenomena.

What legacy did Isaac Roberts leave behind?

Roberts left a lasting legacy through his contributions to astronomy, a scholarship fund for students, and his published works, which continue to inspire future generations.